Naushad badshah bhai

Name :Naushad badshah.

About algae by Badshah Javed

                           ALGAE.

The branch of botany which deals with the study of algae is called "phycology" (phycos =sea,logos =discourse ).

Algae are chlorophyll bearing, simple, thalloid, auto trophic and largely aquatic organisms.
They generally found in fresh water as well as marine water, on trees, stones, mud or soil and all types of water reservoirs. The algae may be terrestrial or aquatic.

                  FRESH WATER ALGAE.

Oedogonium, Chara, Chlamydomonas and volvox etc.which are found in fresh water and called fresh water algae.

                    MARINE WATER ALGAE.

Ectocarpus, Sargassum and polysyphonia etc. Which are found in marine water and called marine water algae.
     
                    TYPES OF ALGAE .

The algae are divided into three major classes : Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

                     CHLOROPHYCEAE.

The members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called as green algae. They generally found in fresh water. The Chlorophycean algae contains Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids -xanthophylls and carotenes which are localised in definite chloroplasts. The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, ribbon shaped  in different species. Most of the members have one or more storage bodies which are called pyrenoids and located in the chloroplasts. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. The Chlorophycean algae have a rigid cell wall which is made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose. Some commonly found green algae are : Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and chara.

                      PHAEOPHYCEAE.

The members of Phaeophyceae are commonly called as brown algae.They primarily found in marine habitats.The Phaeophyceaen alge contains fucoxanthin named pigment  which are responsible for Its brownish colour. The food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of laminarin or mannitol.The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall which are usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coat of algin.The plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast,and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like photosynthetic organ -the frond.

                      RHODOPHYCEAE.

The members of Rhodophyceae are commonly called as red algae. Why they are called as red algae? Because of the predominance of the red colour pigment, r-phycoerythrin which is present in their body. The red algae primarily found in marine habitats which may be surface of water and also in a great depths of oceans where relatively little light penetrates. The red thalli of most of the red algae are multicellular. Some of them
have complex body organisation. The food is stored as floridean starch which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.

Badshah naushad khan

Name:Badshah naushad

About photosynthesis process by Badshah Javed.

    ******Photosynthesis process******

The term ''photosynthesis" is originated from the two Greek word (photo=light, synthesis =combining.).

        Main events during photosynthesis.

1.Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters into the leaves through stomata.

2.Water from the soil is taken up by the roots and it sent to the leaves by xylem and is distributed to mesophyll cells.

3.Sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll which are present inside the chloroplast of the mesophyll cells.

4.Solar energy causes the photolysis of water.

That is. 
   
               2H2O----- 4H+  + O2 liberated  (Oxygen ).

5.Hydrogen ions from water combine with carbon dioxide and form glucose.

6.Oxygen gas is given out as a  by-product.

7.Solar energy is converted into utilisable chemical energy(ATP) which involves in the formation of glucose (Carbon dioxide ).

****** SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ******

Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. These are mainly found in the mesophyll cells of the leaves that are located between upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. They are also present in the guard cells of stomata.
Chloroplast are disc-shaped cell organelles. They appear green due to the presence of green colour pigment chlorophyll which are responsible for the trapped light energy from the sun essential for photosynthesis process. It  is found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. 

There are two phases which are involved in photosynthesis process.

1.Light reaction or photochemical phase.

2.Dark reaction or biosynthetic phase.

                Photochemical phase.

Biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis process is completed in grana lamellae.
During this phase hydrogen ions are released by the photolysis of water and solar energy is converted into ATP. Both H+ ions and ATP are used during biosynthetic phase.

                Biosynthetic phase.

Biosynthetic phase takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts. It does not need light energy. In this process carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose with the help of hydrogen ions which are produced during the photochemical phase. In this phase the needed energy is taken from the ATP which are generated  during the photochemical  phase.

      ******THANKS FOR READ ******
                   

Written by :Mohammad Javed.

About Humans blood circulatory system by Badshah Javed.

                         HUMAN HEART.

The human heart mainly consist of four hollow chambers.
  1.Right atrium (auricle ).
  2.Left atrium  (auricle ).
  3.Right ventricle .
  4.Left ventricle.
Now we comes on the major point.

                          Right atrium.

The heart receives  deoxygenated blood in the right atrium or auricle through the two largest veins - the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava and from there it comes in the right ventricle via tricuspid valve and then the right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood and send it to the lungs for the oxygenation of blood through the pulmonary artery.

                              Left atrium.

Now the oxygenated blood is brought back into the left atrium or auricle through the four pulmonary veins and then from there it is pumped into the left ventricle from where it is pumped to all parts of the body through the dorsal aorta and its branches.

                  Role of right ventricle.

The right ventricle arises the pulmonary artery which carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs for the oxygenation.

                    Role of left ventricle

From the left ventricle arises the dorsal aorta which carries the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

                 ******THANKS ******

Written by: Mohammad Javed.

                       

About Bryophytes by Badshah Javed

                       BRYOPHYTES.

The term Bryophyte  is originated from the two Greek word (Bryo=moss. Phyta=Plant.)

Bryophyte commonly includes liverworts and mosses which generally grow in moist and shady areas of the hills. Bryophyte are also commonly called as the amphibians of the Plant Kingdom.Why they are called as the amphibians of the Plant Kingdom ?
Because they can live in soil but their sexual reproduction is dependent on water . Generally Bryophyte grow in moist and shady places.The plant body of bryophyte are more differentiated than that of algae. The Plant body is of thallus like ,prostrate and erect and they are attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoid. The main character of the bryophyte are that they lack true root, true stem, and true leaves. Instead of that they have true root like, stem like and leaves like structures .

                       REPRODUCTION.

The major plant body of the bryophyte are haploid. They produces gametes and hence the plant body  are called as gametophytic. The sex organ of bryophyte are generally multicellular. The male sex organ is called as antheridium. These antheridium produces biflagellate antherozoid. The female sex organ is called as archegonium which produces single egg. When the antheridium releases these biflagellate antherozoid then they are released in water and when they come in contact with archegonium they fuses the egg. After the fusion of egg, the resultant is the formation of zygote. After the production of zygote it doesn't undergo reduction division that is the process of meiosis and it produces a multicellular body which is called as sporophyte .The sporophyte are not free living, they are dependent on the photosynthetic gametophytic plant that is a main plant body for its nourishment.Some cells of the sporophyte undergoes reduction division and after meiosis some of the sporophytic cells form haploid spores. These spores germinate to form gametophyte.

         ECONOMIC IMPORTANTANCE .

As bryophyte are of little economic importance but some of the mosses provide food to certain herbaceous mammals,birds and other animals also. There is a moss which is called sphagnum is used as a fuel and also it is used for packing certain living material for transshipping etc.Some of the bryophyte are also important for plant succession. When bryophyte grows in a moist or shady place or rocks or on soil  they cover the whole area as a mat and after that they decomposes that soil or rock for the germination of new higher plants. This is the process for  plant succession etc , which is very much ecological  importance. This is all about Bryophyte.

                   ******THANKS******
               

Badshah Javed

       INTRODUCTION OF JAVED

NAME: MOHAMMAD JAVED.
VILLAGE: BABHANI.
OCCUPATION: STUDENT LIFE.
SPOUSE: AISH MOHAMMAD.
COLLEGE: SHIVPATI INTER COLLEGE SHOHRATGARH SIDDHARTHNAGAR:
PRINCIPAL NAME: NALINIKANT MANI TRIPATHI.